UPSC Current Affairs Marathon 2025–26 | Complete Prelims Revision
1. North-East Ethnic Issues – Zomi & Hmar Communities
Background
Zomi and Hmar are sub-tribes of the Kuki-Chin-Mizo ethnic group, spread across India-Myanmar region.
Found in:
Manipur (Churachandpur)
Mizoram
Assam
Myanmar Chin State
Bangladesh Hill Tracts
They belong to Tibeto-Burman language family.
Conflict Context (Manipur)
Main groups:
Meitei (Valley)
Kuki-Zo tribes (Hills)
Reasons:
Meitei demand for ST status
Land ownership laws
Refugee influx from Myanmar
Ethnic-religious tensions
Prelims Trap
India-Myanmar border states:
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram.
2. Immigration & Foreigners Bill 2025
Purpose
Unified immigration law replacing colonial-era acts.
Replaces:
Passport Entry into India Act 1920
Registration of Foreigners Act 1939
Foreigners Act 1946
Immigration Carriers Liability Act 2000
Key Features
Mandatory passport & visa
Digital foreigners database
Deportation process
Reporting by hotels & universities
Entry through designated ICPs
Important: India not signatory to 1951 Refugee Convention.
Handled by Ministry of Home Affairs.
3. Collegium vs NJAC Debate
Collegium System
Judges appoint judges.
Based on Three Judges Cases:
1982, 1993, 1998.
NJAC
Created by 99th Constitutional Amendment 2014.
Members:
CJI + 2 judges + Law Minister + 2 eminent persons.
Supreme Court 2015
NJAC struck down → Violates Basic Structure.
Basic Structure from Kesavananda Bharati Case 1973.
Criticism of Collegium:
Lack transparency
Nepotism
Poor diversity
4. Space Debris & Kessler Syndrome
Space debris = dead satellites & fragments.
Kessler Syndrome = chain reaction collisions.
Threat to GPS, communication satellites.
Treaties:
Outer Space Treaty 1967
Liability Convention 1972
UN Debris Guidelines
5. ISRO SPADEX Mission
Full Form: Space Docking Experiment.
Purpose: Dock two spacecraft.
Needed for:
Indian Space Station
Gaganyaan rescue
Chandrayaan-4 sample return
6. PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
Rooftop solar scheme.
Features:
DBT subsidy
Reduce electricity bills
Promote renewable energy
Leading states:
Gujarat, UP, Kerala.
Linked schemes:
PM-KUSUM.
Goal: Net Zero by 2070.
7. Global Gender Gap Report 2025
Released by World Economic Forum.
Indicators:
Economic participation
Education
Health
Political empowerment
India rank ~131.
Related:
SDG-5 Gender Equality.
8. Important Military Exercises
Bilateral:
INDRA – India-Russia
KHANJAR – India-Kyrgyzstan
Multilateral:
Sea Dragon – Anti-submarine drill led by USA.
Remember:
Country + Type + Location.
9. MISHTI Scheme – Mangrove Initiative
Full Form:
Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes.
Purpose:
Increase mangrove cover & protect coastlines.
Important areas:
Sundarbans, Bhitarkanika, Godavari-Krishna delta.
10. GI Tag – Kani Deepaya (Kerala)
Traditional tribal mat from Kerala.
Tribes:
Urali, Mannan, Muthuva, Kadar.
GI Tag Act 1999.
Highest GI tags state: Uttar Pradesh.
11. Harappan Sites – Lakhapar (Kutch)
Early Harappan site in Gujarat.
Findings:
Burials, pottery, copper tools, beads.
Important Gujarat sites:
Dholavira, Lothal, Surkotada.
12. Governor’s Powers – Articles 200 & 201
Article 200 options:
Assent
Withhold
Return
Reserve for President
Issue: Governors delaying bills.
Related committees:
Sarkaria, Punchhi.
13. Eighth Schedule – Kokborok Language
22 languages in Eighth Schedule.
Kokborok spoken by Tripuri people.
Family: Tibeto-Burman.
Sixth Schedule states:
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.
14. Telangana SC Sub-Classification
Purpose:
Reservation benefits to most backward SC groups.
Article 341 → SC list by President.
State cannot change list but can classify.
Case: EV Chinnaiah 2004.
15. Type-5 Diabetes
Announced by International Diabetes Federation.
Linked to malnutrition.
Seen in South Asia & Africa.
Concept:
Hidden Hunger – micronutrient deficiency.
16. COP-30 Climate Finance
COP-30 in Belém, Brazil.
Climate finance debate:
$100 billion promise vs $1.3 trillion demand.
Important treaties:
UNFCCC 1992
Kyoto Protocol 1997
Paris Agreement 2015
Concepts:
CBDR, NDC.
17. Arctic Region
North of Arctic Circle.
Council members:
USA, Canada, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Denmark.
India observer → Himadri station.
18. Population Data – UNFPA
India population ~1.46 billion.
TFR 1.9 (below replacement 2.1).
Concept:
Demographic Dividend.
South India low fertility.
North India higher fertility.
19. Aravalli Green Wall Project
Oldest mountain range.
States:
Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi, Gujarat.
Goal:
700-km forest belt to stop desertification.
20. Indian Navy Updates
INS Arnala:
Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft.
INS Adhamya:
Fast Patrol Vessel.
Importance:
Coastal security, EEZ protection.
21. Kulsi River – Gangetic Dolphin Habitat
Kulsi River tributary of Brahmaputra.
Hydropower project threatens dolphin habitat.
Gangetic Dolphin:
National Aquatic Animal.
IUCN Status: Endangered.
REVISION
Zomi & Hmar → Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes.
Immigration Bill → Unified law under MHA.
NJAC struck down → Basic Structure.
Kessler Syndrome → Space debris chain collision.
SPADEx → ISRO docking mission.
MISHTI → Mangrove scheme.
Kani Deepaya → GI mat Kerala.
Lakhapar → Early Harappan site Gujarat.
Kokborok → Tripura language.
Type-5 Diabetes → Malnutrition-linked.
COP-30 → Brazil.
Arctic Council → 8 members.
Aravalli Green Wall → Anti-desertification.
Kulsi River → Dolphin habitat.
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